Definition of Consumption within Sociology

In sociology, consumption is about so much more than just taking in or using up resources. Humans consume to survive, of course, but in todays world, we also consume to entertain and amuse ourselves, and as a way to share time and experiences with others. We consume not only material goods but also  services, experiences, information, and cultural products like art, music, film, and television. In fact, from the sociological perspective, consumption today is a central organizing principle of social life. It shapes our everyday lives,  our values, expectations and practices, our relationships with others, our individual and group identities, and our overall experience in the world. Consumption According to Sociologists Sociologists recognize that many aspects of our daily lives are structured by consumption. In fact, Polish sociologist Zygmunt Bauman wrote in the book Consuming Life that Western societies are no longer organized around the act of production, but instead, around consumption. This transition began in the United States in the mid-twentieth century,  after which most production jobs were moved overseas, and our economy shifted to retail and the provision of services and information. As a consequence, most of us spend our days consuming rather than producing goods. On any given day, one might travel to work by bus, train, or car; work in an office that requires electricity, gas, oil, water, paper, and a host of consumer electronics and digital goods; purchase a tea, coffee, or soda; go out to a restaurant for lunch or dinner; pick up dry cleaning; purchase health and hygiene products at a drug store; use purchased groceries to prepare dinner, and then spend the evening watching television, enjoying social media, or reading a book. All of these are forms of consumption. Because consumption is so central to how we live our lives, it has taken on great importance in the relationships we forge with others. We often organize visits with others around the act of consuming, whether that be sitting down to eat a home-cooked meal as a family, taking in a movie with a date, or meeting friends for a shopping excursion at the mall. In addition, we often use consumer goods to express our feelings for others through the practice of gift-giving, or notably, in the act of proposing marriage with an expensive piece of jewelry. Consumption is also a central aspect of the celebration of both secular and religious holidays, like Christmas, Valentine’s Day, and Halloween. It has even become a political expression, like when we buy ethically produced or sourced goods, or engage in a boycott of a certain product or brand. Sociologists also see consumption as an important part of the process of forming and expressing both individual and group identities. In Subculture: The Meaning of Style, sociologist Dick Hebdige observed that identity is often expressed through fashion choices, which allows us to classify people as hipsters or emo, for example. This happens because we choose consumer goods that we feel say something about who we are. Our consumer choices are often meant to reflect our values and lifestyle, and in doing so, send visual signals to others about the kind of person we are. Because we associate certain values, identities, and lifestyles with consumer goods, sociologists recognize that some troubling implications follow the centrality of consumption in social life. We often make assumptions, without even realizing it, about a person’s character, social standing, values, and beliefs, or even their intelligence, based on how we interpret their consumer practices. Because of this, consumption can serve processes of exclusion and marginalization in society  and can lead to conflict across lines of class, race or ethnicity, culture, sexuality, and religion. So, from the sociological perspective, theres much more to consumption than meets the eye. In fact, theres so much to study about consumption that theres a whole subfield dedicated to it: the sociology of consumption.

Physician Assisted Suicide - 1226 Words

Physician Assisted Suicide There are instances when people who are terminally ill or severely injured who want to terminate their own lives. Sometimes, due to the state of their injuries or conditions, those people are unable to end their own pain. It is in many of these cases that the patients request assistance in their suicides. This kind of request is like to happen in facilities where the patient receives long term or permanent care. Physician assisted suicide is a hotly contested issue. There is support for those who believe this kind of assistance is morally, ethically, and otherwise wrong. There is support from people who believe that a person has a right to choose when his/her life ends. These people believe that physician assisted suicide is a form of altruistic assistance. There are valid points made by people on both sides of this issue and there is certainly room within the debate to be undecided or to be conflicted. Secondary, tertiary, and long term providers/facilities have the power to improve the preservation of life and they have the power to assist with the end of life. The paper presents arguments of this debate and reflects upon the issues at the surface as well as the underlying issues of the debate over physician assisted suicide. The Hippocratic Oath is an oath that each physician swears to upon graduating from medical school. Essentially, the oath is a proclamation by the newly licensed doctor to only help people and a promise not to harmShow MoreRelatedEssay On Physician Assisted Suicide1549 Words   |  7 PagesWriting Project Worksheet 1. This paper will examine the Washington state policy of physician-assisted suicide. 2. State Info: (characteristics, size, culture, political culture, industries, features, etc. to explain state support of policy) Washington is a state in the northwestern United States with an estimated population of 7,288,000, as of July 1, 2016. Washington’s population is primarily white at 69% (not including Hispanics), with Hispanics comprising 12.4%, Asians 8.6%, and African AmericansRead MoreThe Treatment Of Physician Assisted Suicide1025 Words   |  5 Pagesprecious hour will give the loved ones a time to say goodbye just before they die with dignity in physician assisted suicide. Terminally ill patients have the right to end their own lives using physician assisted suicide (PAS) without repercussions of laws and people with opposing opinions. According to an article from CNN.com, there are currently five states in the U.S. where physician-assisted suicide is currently legal. In order to be eligible legally for PAS the patient must have six months orRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide1418 Words   |  6 Pagesresult in patients giving up on life, physician-assisted suicide should be legalized in all fifty states for terminally ill patients with worsening or unbearable pain. What is physician-assisted suicide? â€Å"Suicide is the act of taking ones own life. In assisted suicide, the means to end a patient’s life is provided to the patient (i.e. medication or a weapon) with knowledge of the patients intention† (American Nurses Association). Physician-assisted suicide is known by many names such as deathRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide2301 Words   |  10 Pagesend-of-life decisions is â€Å"physician-assisted suicide† (PAS). This method of suicide involves a physician providing a patient, at his or her own request, with a lethal dose of medication, which the patient self-administers. The ethical acceptability and the desirability of legalization of this practice both continue to cause controversy (Raus, Sterckx, Mortier 1). Vaco v. Quill and Washington v. Glucksberg were landmark decisions on the issue of physician-assisted suicide and a supposed ConstitutionalRead MoreThe Ethics Of Physician Assisted Suicide926 Words   |   4 Pagesethics of physician assisted suicide since the late 18th century. According to medicinenet the definition of physician assisted suicide is â€Å"the voluntary termination of one s own life by administrating a lethal substance with the direct assistance of a physician.† This would typically come into play if/when a critically ill patient wants to end their suffering. Confirming with the State-by-State Guide to Physician-Assisted Suicide, 5 states have Paquin 2 Legalized physician assisted suicide. CaliforniaRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Essay1214 Words   |  5 Pagesrelentless pain and agony through physician assisted death? Physician-Assisted Suicide PAS is highly contentious because it induces conflict of several moral and ethical questions such as who is the true director of our lives. Is suicide an individual choice and should the highest priority to humans be alleviating pain or do we suffer for a purpose? Is suicide a purely individual choice? Having analyzed and even experience the effects of physician assisted suicide, I promote and fully support itsRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Is A Controversial Topic1929 Words   |  8 PagesOne may have heard of suicide, but not physician-assisted suicide. The two are very different in terms of the act of taking one’s own life. For instance, physician-assisted suicide is done with help from another person, usually a physician; where the doctor is willing to assist with e ither the means of how to take one’s own life or the actual act itself. This can either be by prescribing lethal doses of drugs to these patients who want to take their own life or by counseling these patients onRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : A Controversial Subject1692 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide is a controversial subject all around the world. Although it is legal in some countries and states, such as the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Oregon, Montana, Washington, and Vermont it is not yet legal in most (Finlay, 2011). People travel from all around the world to these locations to receive information. Physician-assisted suicide is when terminally ill and mentally capable patients perform the final act themselves after being provided with the required meansRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Physician-Assisted Suicide1871 Words   |  8 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide should be a legal option, if requested, for terminally ill patients. For deca des the question has been asked and a clear answer has yet to surface. It was formed out of a profound commitment to the idea that personal end-of-life decisions should be made solely between a patient and a physician. Can someones life be put into an answer? Shouldnt someones decision in life be just that; their decision? When someone has suffered from a car accident, or battled long enoughRead MoreThe Rights Of Physician Assisted Suicide1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Right to Die By: Antony Makhlouf Antony Makhlouf PHR 102-006 Contemporary Moral Issues Final Paper The Right to Die Physician-assisted suicide, also known as euthanasia, has been a hot topic as of late. If you do not know what this is, physician-assisted suicide is the taking of ones life. This usually occurs when a patient is in a irreversible state, and must live through a tube. With multiple cases occurring in the past, current and the more to occur the in the future, this looks

Battle Of Britain Essay Example For Students

Battle Of Britain Essay Battle of BritainDunkirk-May 1940In May of 1940 German forces invaded France. By the end of May Allied troops were cornered, on the coast, in the town of Dunkirk. They had been overpowered by the German blitzkrieg(?Battle of Britain?).Though German bombers had destroyed over 200 of the rescue armadas ships, the British still were able to evacuate 224,000 of their troops along with 123,00 French(Mosley 20). Though they had been forced to abandon most of their equipment and supplies on the beach, the British avoided the trap set by the Germans. This event was the precursor to the Battle of Britain. At this point, Germany felt that Allied forces were weak and if they were to invade Great Britain, the time was then. Prefight OddsAfter Dunkirk the Royal Air Force had low morale and its numbers were severely depleted. In the attempt to protect the rescue armada from the Luftwaffe the RAF(Royal Air Force) lost 106 fighters and 75 pilots, which was one fourth of their air power. By July 1940 the stage was set for the Battle of Britain, which was to be the first major battle to be fought entirely in the air. In the months after Dunkirk several factors had come into play that would both hurt and help the Allies and the Germans. The Luftwaffe was estimated to have 4,500 first-line aircraft and the RAF 2,900(Mosley 52). And now that the English Channel was the only thing separating the Allies from the Germans, Britain needed to catch up. The British needed to replenish their supplies and they needed to drastically increase the number of planes being produced as soon as possible. Two things helped bring the British more planes for the Battle of Britain. The first was Churchill not allowing any more plane s to be flown to France as aide, after all, France had already been defeated and occupied by German forces. The second action was the increased factory production of planes. In the months that followed the evacuation at Dunkirk, British workers built 446 new fighters for the RAF, which was 100 more than the Germans were producing. In order to build this many new planes the factories were working seven days a week and by Lord Beavbrooks ?work without stopping? policy. In an attempt to help the effort, women all over Britain put their household items containing aluminum out for collection, so that the necessary materials for fighter production was available(Mosley 52). Another plus for Britain was their bombers. The bombers would be used to attack targets in Germanys industrial heartland and also in German-controlled Channel ports, where German ships were assembling for Operation Sea Lion ,the projected seaborne invasion of Britain. They also had good RAF fighters, which would be need ed to protect the British Isles during the battle(Mosley 54). One other significant home advantage for Britain was that they were able to recover any pilots who had bailed out of their planes relatively quickly because they had the Royal Navy ready and if they landed in GB they wouldnt have to worry about being put in a POW camp. There were three other defensive advantages the British had: Command headquarters(defensive air operations), radar, and a German code breaking machine. Britain located their base of operations at Bently Priory, an 18th century mansion. It was their top-secret hub of air operations, with a plotting room(worked by the Womens Auxiliary Air Force), where Chief Marshal Dowding and his air-controllers would watch the great chart and plan the battle depositions to be made to the RAF(Mosley 56). Radar(RAdio Detection And Ranging) was an important aspect of Britains ground defenses. Britain used it to detect distant objects, their location, and their speed, by analy zing the ultra-high-frequency radio waves reflected from their surfaces. Dowding created a communications network with radar reports, which would get fed back to Bently Priorys central plotting room, where Dowding and his staff would be able to deploy fighters where and when they were needed. Radar was the first form of a modern air defense network system(?Battle of Britain? and Mosley 54). The code breaking machine was also a valuable resource and also a very top-secret one too. The machine was kept so secret that even Dowdings subordinate commanders didnt know about it. The machine enabled the British to intercept and break complex German codes, allowing them to estimate the Luftwaffes intended targets and the numbers of aircraft to be employed even before the planes left the ground(Mosley 56). On the other hand, it looked as if all the odds were against Britain and for Germany after Dunkirk, but Germany made a series of miscalculations that ended up costing them dearly. One of th e first mistakes made by Germany was their unchanged pace of plane production after Dunkirk. Hitler believed that if they increased airplane production it would alarm the population of Germany and also that the raw materials used to build the planes should be directed towards the production of guns. Also if the Luftwaffe wanted to bomb London or any other large industrial city they would need more long-range heavy bombers but because of the stalled production they werent built. The only bombers Germany had available at the beginning of the battle were Dornier-17 and the Heinkel-111. Both planes had short ranges and were vulnerable to fighters coming in at them from certain angles. Part of Germanys strategy going into the Battle of Britain was that the ground troops would be the most important aspect once they landed and that their fighters and bombers would be mainly used as offensive support(Mosley 47). That was one of their first miscalculations. One of Germanys worst failures in the skies was with their Junkers-87 dive bomber. It was a highly effective bomber but it was very vulnerable to RAF fighters. The other highly effective German fighter plane was the Me-109(Messerschmitt-109) but there was also a flaw to it. The Me-109 had a terrible range and was barely adequate for the operations required of it. It could only fly for 80 minutes, therefore, with the amount of time it took to fly back and forth it only had a maximum of twenty combat minutes available causing many planes to run out of fuel and crash before they could get back to France and land(Mosley 49). Another miscalculation of the German strategy was the importance and use of radar in air operations. They put most radar use in the hands of their navy because they thought it would be more useful in ocean reconnaissance(Mosley 54). If Germany had put more time into developing the Luftwaffe for the Battle of Britain and utilized all possible air resources their miscalculation might not have turned o ut so costly. The Clarksville Art Scene and the Community EssayHerman GoringHerman Goring was head of the Luftwaffe between 1933-1945. He was second in power to Adolf Hitler. Goring oversaw formation of the Luftwaffe before World War 2. Goring ended up killing himself while in prison awaiting execution for war crimes(?Battle of Britain?). Sir Hugh DowdingDowding was the Air Chief Marshall during the Battle of Britain, head of the RAF Fighter Command, and the defensive counterpart of Sir Arthur Harris. Dowding built-up the defensive air power of the RAF during the 1930s. After the Battle of Britain, Dowding lost his position after a policy dispute. The strategy he employed during the Battle of Britain and his relentless determination are credited for the successful defense of Britain(?Battle of Britain?). Famous Planes of the RAFThe Supermarine Spitfire served as a first-line fighter throughout WW2. It was fast and maneuverable. Its thin elliptical wings made it capable of very high speeds(571 km/hr). It had a Ceiling of 10,360 meters and a Range of 805 km. The make-up of the plane was continuously being changed to meet the needs of low and high altitude fighters, tropicalized, navalized, or equipped as an unarmed photo-reconnaissance aircraft. Its one of the most famous military aircraft in history. There were 20,351 built and the RAF retired the last Spitfire in 1954(?Battle of Britain?). The Hawker Hurricane was a biplane, structure wise, with a monoplane layout. It had a Speed of 520 km/hr, a Ceiling of 10,900 meters, and a Range of 965 km. The fuselage was a braced steel tube construction, with wooden frames and fabric covering, making it easy to repair. The Hurricane was relatively inferior to the best fighters but they were sturdy, reliable, and easy to produce. Most fighters during the Battle of Britain were Hurricanes and later models were used as ground attack and anti-tank aircraft because they were obsolete as fighters. 14,533 were built(?Battle of Britain?). The Boulton Paul Defiant was a two seat fighter with a four gun armament. It had initial success but heavy loses followed. It had a Max. Speed of 485 km/hr, a Ceiling of 9,250 meters, and a Range of 740 km. It was later used as a night fighter and then as a target tug. There were 1,064 built(?Battle of Britain?). Famous Planes of the LuftwaffeThe Messerschmitt Bf 109 was a standard Luftwaffe fighter throughout the war. It had good performance and handling but it had restricted vision, bad landing characteristics, and it couldnt carry a lot of armament because it was so small. It was the smallest frame that could be built around the large and powerful engine. The Me-109 had a Max. Speed of 560 km/hr, a Ceiling of 10,500 meters, and a Range of 660 km. It was one of the best fighters in the world(E model). There were approximately 35,000 built and production continued in Spain after the war(?Battle of Britain?). The Junkers Ju 88 was one of the most versatile aircraft of the war. It was used for various types of air battle: dive bomber, reconnaissance aircraft, torpedo-bomber, night fighter, heavy day fighter, and an anti-tank aircraft. The plane had a Speed of 470 km/hr, a Ceiling of 8,200 meters, and a Range of 2,730 km. There were 10,774 produced(?Battle of Britain?). The other Junkers, Ju 87 or ?Stuka, was a gull winged dive bomber. It was the most feared bomber, it was ugly, sturdy, accurate, but very vulnerable to enemy fighters. It was very effective in destroying fortifications, ships, and instilling fear in people. The last versions of the Ju 87 were used as anti-tank aircraft and there were over 5,700 produced. The Ju 87 had a Speed of 383 km/hr, a Ceiling of 8,000 meters, and a Range of 790 km(?Battle of Britain?). Aces of the AirOne of the most famous aces was Major Adolf Galland of the Luftwaffe. He was already an ace before the Battle of Britain began. He had 37 kills. He was also one of the few Luftwaffe pilots to survive the war(Ward 162). Other Luftwaffe aces of the Battle of Britain include Helmut Wick, Walter Oesau, Hans Mayer, and Gustav Sprick. Brian Kingcome was one of Britains most respected and famous aces of the Battle of Britain. Other aces of the RAF include E.S. Lock, J.H. Lacey, P.C. Hughs, and C.F. Gray(Ward 162 and ?Battle of Britain?). ConclusionThe Battle of Britain was the finest hour for the British but the first defeat of the war for the Germans. Though Germany was favored in the invasion the tables turned and Britain proved to be steadfast and determined in the defense of their country and it worked. The Battle of Britain ended up setting the stage for D-Day , the demise of the Reich, and the end of World War Two. ?Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few? Winston ChurchillBibliographyWorks CitedMosley, Leonard Battle of Britain: World War II. Canada: Time-Life Books Inc., 1977. Ward, Arthur A Nation Alone:The Battle of Britain-1940. London: Osprey Publishing Ltd, 1989. ?Battle of Britain? Online. Internet. 7 Nov. 1998. Available: www.geocities.com/Pentagon/4143/index.html Aviation Essays